Niobium thiab columbium feem ntau ua ke nrog tantalum, thiab lawv cov dej num hauv cov hlau zoo sib xws. Niobium thiab tantalum yog ib feem yaj mus rau hauv cov khoom tov thiab ua si lub luag hauj lwm ua kom muaj zog. Tseem ceeb txhim kho cov hardenability ntawm hlau thaum yaj rau hauv austenite. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm carbide thiab oxide hais, nws refines cov nplej thiab txo cov hardenability ntawm hlau. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau kom tempering ruaj khov ntawm cov hlau thiab muaj cov nyhuv hardening thib ob. Cov lej ntawm niobium tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws cov plasticity lossis toughness.
Vim cov nyhuv ntawm refining nplej, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov cuam tshuam toughness ntawm steel thiab txo nws cov nkig hloov kub. Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntau dua 8 npaug ntawm carbon, yuav luag tag nrho cov pa roj carbon monoxide hauv cov hlau tuaj yeem kho tau, muab cov hlau zoo hydrogen tsis kam. Hauv austenitic steel, intergranular corrosion ntawm hlau los ntawm oxidizing media tuaj yeem tiv thaiv. Vim tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide ruaj khov thiab nag lossis daus hardening, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov cua sov-lub zog steel, xws li creep zog.
Niobium tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog tawm los thiab cuam tshuam qhov nyuaj ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau siv hauv kev tsim kho, thiab txo qhov kev hloov pauv kub, uas yog qhov zoo rau kev ua haujlwm vuam. Nyob rau hauv carburizing thiab quenched thiab tempered alloy structural steel, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom lub hardenability. Txhim kho lub toughness thiab qis kub zog ntawm steel. Nws tuaj yeem txo cov cua tawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon martensitic uas tsis muaj cua sov-resistant stainless hlau, tsis txhob hardening thiab tempering brittleness, thiab txhim kho creep zog.
Zirconium yog ib qho muaj zog carbide tsim cov ntsiab lus thiab nws lub luag haujlwm hauv cov hlau zoo ib yam li niobium, tantalum thiab vanadium. Ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm zirconium tuaj yeem degas, purify thiab refine nplej, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov hlau thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm stamping. Nws yog feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ultra-high-strength steel thiab nickel-raws li high-temperature alloys siv nyob rau hauv roj xyaw thiab ballistic missile lug.
