Manganese: Deoxidation, Desulfurisation thiab Strengthening
Manganese yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv alloying ntsiab nyob rau hauv steel vim nws ua tau ob peb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib zaug: nws yog ib tug zoo deoxidiser thiab desulphuriser, thiab nws yog ib qho kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Hlau feem ntau muaj qee yam ntawm manganese, uas tshem tawm lossis ua kom tsis muaj zog kub brittleness tshwm sim los ntawm leej faj thiab yog li txhim kho kev ua haujlwm kub.
Lub mechanism yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj affinity. Manganese ua ke nrog sulfur yooj yim dua li hlau ua, tsim manganese sulfide es tsis yog hlau sulfide. Hlau sulphide zaj duab xis ntawm cov ciam teb yog cov classic ua rau kub luv thaum dov thiab forging, yog li khaws cov sulfur khi li manganese sulphide tiv thaiv cov khoom los ntawm kev ua haujlwm kub.
Yuav ua li cas Manganese Hloov Steel Structure
Cov kua nplaum uas manganese tsim nrog hlau nce lub hardness thiab lub zog ntawm ob qho tib si ferrite thiab austenite. Manganese kuj tsim cov carbide thiab tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cementite, hloov qee cov hlau atoms. Nws lub xub ntiag txo qis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv kub thiab ua kom zoo dua pearlite, uas ua rau lub zog ntawm pearlitic hlau tsis ncaj. Manganese stabilizes austenite thib ob tsuas yog npib tsib xee, thiab nws muaj zog ua kom muaj zog, uas yog vim li cas ntau cov hlau alloy tau tsim nyob ib puag ncig manganese cov ntsiab lus tsis pub tshaj 2% ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus.
Manganese muaj ntau thiab ntau yam, yog li nws zoo nkaus li yuav luag txhua qhov chaw: hauv cov pa roj carbon monoxide steels, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav steels uas muaj cov ntsiab lus siab manganese, xws li 60Si2Mn hom teev nyob rau hauv GB / T 1222. Nyob rau hauv cov qib no manganese pab txhawb ob qho tib si lub zog thiab hardenability xav tau los ntawm - quenching thaum lub sij hawm hardening.
Siab -Manganese Hnav-Resistant Steel
Hauv siab -carbon, siab -manganese hnav- cov hlau tsis muaj zog, cov ntsiab lus manganese tuaj yeem ncav cuag 10% txog 14%. Tom qab cov tshuaj kho cov qauv yog austenitic thiab tawv, nrog zoo ductility. Thaum qhov chaw deformed los ntawm kev cuam tshuam, cov txheej txheem deformed ua haujlwm- hardens thiab txhim kho siab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj thaum sab hauv tseem tawv txaus kom nqus tau cov kev cuam tshuam ntxiv. Castings ntawm tsev neeg no tau teev tseg raws li ASTM A128, uas npog austenitic manganese steel castings.
Ob qhov kev ceeb toom siv txhua qhov chaw siv manganese ntawm qib siab dua. Manganese tsub kom lub siab nyiam ntawm cov hlau mus rau grain coarsening thiab mus rau temper brittleness. Nws kuj ua rau cov hlau rhiab heev rau hydrogen: yog tias txias tom qab melting, pouring los yog forging tsis zoo tswj, dawb me ntsis los yog flakes yuav tsim nyob rau hauv cov hlau, uas yog vim li cas cov txheej txheem tswj nyob ib ncig ntawm txias thiab hydrogen cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb npaum li qhov kev soj ntsuam nws tus kheej.
Aluminium: Deoxidation, Grain Refinement thiab Nitriding
Aluminium feem ntau yog siv rau deoxidation thiab grain refinement. Hauv nitriding steels nws txhawb kev tsim ntawm ib qho nyuaj, corrosion- resistant nitrided txheej, uas yog vim li cas aluminium - bearing nitriding qib xws li 38CrMoAl raug xaiv rau cov khoom uas xav tau ib qho nyuaj heev, hnav - resistant nto ntawm ib tug tawv core. Aluminium kuj inhibits kev laus ntawm qis- carbon steel los ntawm kev sib txuas nrog nitrogen, thiab nws txhim kho toughness ntawm qis kub.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus siab dua aluminium txhim kho cov oxidation tsis kam ntawm hlau thiab nws tsis kam mus tua nyob rau hauv oxidising acids thiab nyob rau hauv hydrogen sulphide ib puag ncig, thiab nws txhim kho cov hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus zog ntawm hlau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv grain -oriented hluav taws xob steels. Nyob rau hauv steel feem ntau, txhuas muaj ib tug muaj zog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv dag zog rau cov nyhuv, thiab nyob rau hauv carburised qhov chaw nws txhim kho hnav tsis kam, qaug zog lub zog thiab txhua yam khoom ntawm cov tub ntxhais.
Thaum tshav kub kub-cov alloys resistant, aluminium thiab npib tsib xee daim ntawv intermetallic tebchaw uas nce siab - kub lub zog. Hlau-chromium-aluminium alloys uas muaj cov txhuas nyob ze ntawm - hluav taws xob tsis tu ncua ua ke nrog kev kub siab oxidation kuj zoo heev, uas yog vim li cas tsev neeg no siv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab cua sov.
Tshaj Aluminium thiab Cov Ntsiab Lus Ntau Yam
Aluminium tau txais txiaj ntsig tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev txwv, thiab cov kev txwv yog txheej txheem - tshwj xeeb es tsis yog universal. Yog tias siv cov txhuas ntau dhau thaum deoxidation, cov hlau tsim cov qauv txawv txav thiab pom tias muaj kev nyiam rau graphitisation. Nyob rau hauv ferritic thiab pearlitic steels muaj cov ntsiab lus aluminium siab txo qhov siab - qhov kub thiab txias, thiab nws ua rau muaj kev nyuaj rau melting thiab pouring, vim hais tias alumina suav nrog nce yaj viscosity thiab tuaj yeem thaiv cov nozzles.
| Element thiab kev siv | Cov ntsiab lus raug | Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb |
|---|---|---|
| Manganese, carbon structural hlau | 0.3–1.5% | Deoxidation, desulphurisation, muaj zog tshuaj ntxiv |
| Manganese, hlau alloy nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus | mus txog 2% | Hardenability, austenite stabilization, pearlite refinement |
| Manganese, hnav- hlau tiv taus rau ASTM A128 | 10–14% | Ua haujlwm- hardening austenitic hnav tsis kam nrog cov tub ntxhais tawv |
| Aluminium, deoxidation ntawm cov hlau tua | 0.02–0.06% | Deoxidation thiab grain refinement li txhuas nitride |
| Aluminium, nitriding hlau | 0.7–1.1% | Nyuaj, corrosion-resistant nitrided rooj plaub |
| Aluminium, kub-resistant Fe-Cr-Al alloys | 4.5–6% | Oxidation tsis kam nrog cov hluav taws xob ruaj khov |
Nyeem ua ib pab pawg, cov kab no qhia tias vim li cas ob lub ntsiab lus feem ntau tau teev tseg ua ke thiab tswj hwm nyias. Manganese ntxiv rau cov qauv thiab kev huv, txhuas rau deoxidation thiab kev ua haujlwm saum npoo av, thiab cov kev txwv sab saud ntawm ob qho tib si raug teeb tsa los ntawm qhov tsis xws luag uas tshwm sim thaum qhov sib ntxiv raug thawb dhau mus.
Kev pov thawj hauv kev xyaum yog nyob ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshuaj ntawm txhua qhov cua sov rau manganese, aluminium, sulfur thiab nitrogen raws li siv tau, ua ke nrog kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas metallographic rau hom kev suav nrog thiab cov qoob loo loj, thiab nrog kev tswj xyuas hydrogen qhov twg qib siab -manganese raug tsim.
FAQ
Q: Vim li cas manganese ntxiv rau hlau?
Nws ua raws li deoxidiser thiab desulphuriser, tiv thaiv kub brittleness los ntawm kev tsim manganese sulphide es tsis txhob hlau sulfide, thiab ntxiv dag zog rau ferrite thiab austenite los ntawm cov khoom hardening.
Q: Yuav ua li cas yog tias manganese tsawg dhau rau cov sulfur tam sim no?
Sulfur tseem tuaj yeem tsim cov hlau sulfide ntawm cov ciam teb, uas ua rau kub luv thaum dov lossis forging; txaus manganese khaws sulfur ua ke raws li manganese sulfide.
Q: Vim li cas siab -manganese steel harden nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam?
Nws khaws cov qauv austenitic tawv tom qab kev kho cov tshuaj, thiab deformation ntawm txheej txheej ua hauj lwm - hardens nws, yog li abrasion kuj nce thaum lub sab hauv tseem ductile.
Q: Vim li cas cov ntsiab lus aluminium hauv steel cia qis?
Cov txhuas ntau dhau ua rau cov qauv txawv txav thiab nyiam ua rau graphitisation, txo qis siab -kub lub zog thiab toughness nyob rau hauv ferritic thiab pearlitic steels, thiab generates alumina inclusions uas cuam tshuam melting thiab pouring.
Q: Vim li cas aluminium siv hauv nitriding steels?
Aluminium tsim cov nitrides nyuaj thaum lub sij hawm nitriding, tsim ib qho nyuaj, corrosion-cov ntaub ntawv tiv taus ntawm lub hauv paus tawv, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm aluminium- bearing nitriding qib xws li 38CrMoAl.
Q: Puas yog txhuas txhim kho corrosion kuj?
Ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab dua nws txhim kho kev tiv thaiv oxidation thiab tawm tsam hauv oxidising acids thiab hauv hydrogen sulphide ib puag ncig, thiab nws pab txhawb rau oxidation tsis kam ntawm hlau -chromium-aluminium kuj alloys.
